A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.
Growth factors typically act as cell signaling molecules between cells. Examples are and that bind to specific receptors on the surface of their target cells.
They often promote cell differentiation and maturation, which varies between growth factors. For example, epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances osteogenic differentiation (osteogenesis or bone formation),
Comparison to cytokines
Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term
cytokine. Historically, cytokines were associated with
hematopoietic (blood and lymph forming) cells and
immune system cells (e.g.,
and tissue cells from
spleen,
thymus, and
). For the circulatory system and
bone marrow in which cells can occur in a liquid suspension and not bound up in solid tissue, it makes sense for them to communicate by soluble, circulating protein
. However, as different lines of research converged, it became clear that some of the same signaling proteins which the hematopoietic and immune systems use were also being used by all sorts of other cells and tissues, during development and in the mature organism.
While growth factor implies a positive effect on cell proliferation, cytokine is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as G-CSF and GM-CSF, others have an inhibitory effect on cell growth or cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such as Fas ligand, are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed cell death or apoptosis.
The nerve growth factor (NGF) was first discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini, which won her a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
List of classes
Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and
related proteins. There are many families, some of which are listed below:
-
Adrenomedullin (AM)
-
Angiopoietin (Ang)
-
Autocrine motility factor
-
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
-
Ciliary neurotrophic factor family
-
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)
-
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
-
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
-
Colony-stimulating factors
-
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)
-
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
-
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
-
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
-
-
Ephrin A1
-
Ephrin A2
-
Ephrin A3
-
Ephrin A4
-
Ephrin A5
-
Ephrin B1
-
Ephrin B2
-
Ephrin B3
-
Erythropoietin (EPO)
-
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 3(FGF3)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 4(FGF4)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 5(FGF5)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 6(FGF6)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 7(FGF7)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 8(FGF8)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 9(FGF9)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 10(FGF10)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 11(FGF11)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 12(FGF12)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 13(FGF13)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 14(FGF14)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 15(FGF15)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 16(FGF16)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 17(FGF17)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 18(FGF18)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 19(FGF19)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 20(FGF20)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 22(FGF22)
-
Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)
-
Foetal Bovine Somatotrophin (FBS)
-
GDNF family of ligands
-
Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9)
-
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)
-
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
-
Insulin
-
Insulin-like growth factors
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
-
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2)
-
Interleukins
-
IL-1- Cofactor for IL-3 and IL-6. Activates T cells.
-
IL-2 – T-cell growth factor. Stimulates IL-1 synthesis. Activates B-cells and NK cells.
-
IL-3 – Stimulates production of all non-lymphoid cells.
-
IL-4 – Growth factor for activated B cells, resting T cells, and mast cells.
-
IL-5 – Induces differentiation of activated B cells and eosinophils.
-
IL-6 – Stimulates Ig synthesis. Growth factor for plasma cells.
-
IL-7 – Growth factor for pre-B cells.
-
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)
-
Migration-stimulating factor (MSF)
-
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), also known as hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFLP)
-
Myostatin (GDF-8)
-
-
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)
-
Neuregulin 2 (NRG2)
-
Neuregulin 3 (NRG3)
-
Neuregulin 4 (NRG4)
-
Neurotrophins
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
-
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
-
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)
-
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4)
-
Placental growth factor (PGF)
-
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
-
Renalase (RNLS) – Anti-apoptotic survival factor
-
T-cell growth factor (TCGF)
-
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
-
Transforming growth factors
-
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α)
-
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
In platelets
The
in blood
contain growth factors PDGF, IGF-1, EGF, and TGF-β which begin healing of wounds by attracting and activating
,
, and
.
Uses in medicine
For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of
hematology and
oncology diseases
and cardiovascular diseases
such as:
See also
-
Angiogenesis
-
Bone growth factor
-
Cytokine
-
Growth factor receptor
-
Human Genome Organisation
-
Mitogen
-
Neurotrophic factor
-
Receptor (biochemistry)
-
Signal transduction
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